Why did the ancients love to carve dragons on jade carvings?

曲体玉龙

Qu Yulong Western Zhou

Unearthed from Pudu Village, Chang'an County, Shaanxi Province. The device is yellowish brown and has a "c" shape. The head is large, the long eyebrows, the elliptical long-necked eyes, the mouth is slightly open, the nose is rolled up, the body is curved, the thick and thin, the tail is pointed, the hook is rolled up, the body is engraved with moiré, Eye lines, two-character lines, etc., a small hole in the mouth. The shape of this device is a continuation of the Yulong of the Shang Dynasty, but the shape tends to be flat, and the back is less carved, and the pattern is rarely seen in the pattern and the thunder. Compared with the Shang Dynasty, Yulong in the early Zhou Dynasty changed its carving techniques and patterns. Yulong's mouth and lips are upturned and angled. At the beginning of the week, the dragon horn is also smaller than the Shang Dynasty, but the root is larger, the body is thinner than the Shang Dynasty, and the ornamentation is more complicated. In the middle and late Western Zhou Dynasty, the body is more slender and has no horns. Instead of the dragon's horn, it is a flower-shaped ear. When the eastern Zhou Dynasty, there are cirrus-shaped ears. Most of Zhou Yulong does not engrave legs and feet.

Unearthed from Zhaogu Village, Nanhui County, Henan Province. The dragon made a look back and sculpt, double-sided engraving, and the body was engraved with a hidden pattern, which was very strong. The middle of the dragon body is drilled with a through hole, and the neck is drilled with two through holes, which can be worn and should be one of the accessories. The dragon body is decorated with single-volume or double-rolled moiré, and the organs such as kisses, scorpions, and ears, and scales are also depicted in the shape of a cloud. The form is simple and dynamic.

The jade dragon is decorated with spring and autumn green and thin sheets. It is rectangular, the body is curled, the head is sideways, the round eye is small, the snout is stretched forward, the lower part seems to have two feet, and the other side has a curved tail. One side is decorated with a hook pattern, and the middle body is hollowed out into a spiral hole, and the surface of the object has a cut mark. The other side has no grain. In the Spring and Autumn Period, the craftsmanship of the jade has made great progress, and a more exquisite jade is produced. The ornamentation develops from the plane to the hidden, from simple to complex. The carving technique uses embossing, hollowing and intaglio.

In the late 1976, Yulong merchants were unearthed from the Yinxu Women's Tomb in Anyang City, Henan Province. The jade is dark green with brown spots. Round carved jade dragon, the dragon head is slightly ang, the double horns are undulating, the word "chen" appears, the eyes are protruding, the nose is slightly convex, and the mouth is open. The dragon body is twisted on the right side, the tail tip is curled inside, and the two short legs are flexed forward, each with four toes. The middle ridge is decorated with ribs, and the body and tail are decorated with double-line yin-shaped rhombic pattern and scale pattern, and the left foot is decorated with moiré. The dragon is the most important motif in the Shang Dynasty's plastic arts. It is seen in the decoration of bronzes, jade and bones. In the characterization of the dragon, the eyes are often made of "chen" characters, and the body and tail are decorated with scales and diamond-shaped lines, and the middle ridges are expressed by ridges. These stylized patterns reflect the maturity of the Shang Dynasty art and the interpretation of the dragon by the time.

The dragon-shaped jade ornaments were unearthed from the tomb of No. 1662, Shangguoling Mausoleum, Sanmenxia City, Henan Province. Jade is light green, translucent, and shiny. The body is flat and has a "c" shape. The dragon's head is engraved wide, with a long horn on the head, a pointed ridge on the head, an elliptical eye, a large mouth, a thick upper lip, and a long tongue that is rolled into the neck. The dragon body is rolled into a curved shape with the tail end flush. The edge of the dragon is engraved with a single-yin line outline, and the middle of the body is engraved with a double-line hook. The shape of the device is beautiful and unique, especially the shape of the dragon's mouth is special. The jade is smooth and radiant, and the texture is smooth.

In the phoenix shape, the double aid jade Ge Shang Qingyu is flat. The phoenix bird crown engraves a large curved curved aid, with a ridge front in the middle. The striker is triangular, sharp, with blades on both sides, and the lower part of the big aid has ribs and perforations. Inside is the phoenix body. The phoenix head has a horn, a prismatic eye, a pointed ridge, and the wings are close together. The tail is rolled up, the claws are hook-shaped, and the tail and the foot each have a pupil. The wings are carved with a Yin line, and the feathers are embossed with the same pattern on both sides.

In the late 1976, Yufeng Pei merchants were unearthed from the Yinxu Women's Tomb in Anyang City, Henan Province. Yellow-brown, hollow carving. The shape is a rounded back, the head is like a cock, and the top of the head has a ridged crown. Round eyes, pointed, and the chest is convex outward, and is connected to the tail in an arc shape. Short-tailed long tail, the tail scorpion is separated by two forks. The claw lies under the chest, and there is a protrusion in the middle of the back. There is a small round hole in the protrusion that can be worn. Four lines of sun are engraved on the wings to decorate the crepe. Beautiful shape, smooth lines and fine production. The feather plaque on this jade phoenix wing is made of bas-relief. The virtual and real treatment of the crown, wing and tail sill reflects that the Shang Dynasty artisans have mastered the hollowing and drilling techniques.

Yufeng Bird was unearthed at the Tomb of No. 2, Guwei Village, Hui County, Henan Province in the middle of the Warring States Period. The device is white with black freckles and a slight flaw at the end. The body is flat, and the two sides are carved into the shape of a phoenix bird and form an "s" shape. Bow down, open mouth, long pointed, and inwardly rolled. The shape of the circle has a crown on the top of the head, a longer body, and a claw on the chest, which is sharper and gripper. The back has a winged feather pattern, which is divided into two forks, one long and one short, both of which are curled upward. The tail is drooping. The body is engraved with moiré, curved lines and so on. During the Warring States period, there were a large number of exquisite dragon-shaped ornaments. The shape of this device is similar to that of the dragon shape, but it has a unique charm on the coffin, crown, wings, claws and ornamentation, which is more vivid and vivid.

Yuxi Longpei was unearthed in Xiaotun Village, western suburb of Luoyang, Henan Province. It is blue-white and has a brownish part. Double-sided engraving, the texture is basically the same. The dragon is "s" shaped, with a foot and a marching shape. Low head, ear, round eye, long kiss and tilt up, mouth curled into a circle. The dragon body arches upwards, the long tail, and the tail is a fork-shaped tail, one tail is hooked up, and the other tail is hooked inside. There is a foot underneath, bending inward. The dragon body and the tail are engraved with negative lines, oblique squares and hooks. The faucet has a vertical through hole at the top to the lower sill, which can be worn on one side. Although the device is small, it has fine workmanship and fine decoration.

The phoenix-shaped jade ornaments were unearthed at No. 6 Tomb of Guwei Village, Hui County, Henan Province. The device is yellow with brown enamel. Flat body, carved on both sides, engraved with a phoenix pattern, heads high, and the high crown on the top of the head flutters backwards. Round eyes, pointed, closed mouth and hollowed into a round hole. The front of the abdomen is quite straight, and the three-fork long tail curls toward the back and rises high, close to the head and neck. The phoenix body is engraved with a cloud pattern, and the tail is engraved with a crepe pattern. The middle long tail tip is fan-shaped, and the upper slant is engraved with a negative line. There is a perforation in the middle of the device, and there is a beak in the lower part The shape is beautiful, the ornamentation is fine, and the lines are smooth. It is a treasure of the Warring States jade carving.

The dragon is a god-like animal in ancient mythology. It is the length of the scales, and the legend of the dragon is very rich. The phoenix is ​​the king of birds in ancient Chinese legends. Dragon and Phoenix are often used to symbolize auspiciousness. In ancient times, people believed that jade was a precious thing, and jade was used as a tool for auspiciousness. Therefore, rituals, accessories, and tokens were mostly made of jade. Therefore, in many artifacts handed down in ancient times, it is not difficult to find the jade carving of the dragon carving. The jade articles of different ages have their own characteristics. From the collections of the National Museum, perhaps we can appreciate the many ideas and skills of the ancients.

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