Wang Lixin Guo Xuemei
In the middle of 1990, Beijing Changping Tombs. The Bajia Village, located at the top of the Shangsigou Mountain in the foothills of the Lushan Mountain, began to relocate throughout the village. The scale of the relocation was not large. There were 38 people from 8 households in the village, and they moved to the newly built row of quilts in Cui Village Township at the foot of Lushan Mountain. Responsible for the relocation is the branch office established by the Changping County Government. The relocated villagers are more convinced that they have carried out geological surveys on their old residences, this piece of Fengshui, and the hydropower stations planned and designed will soon start construction.
At that time, the 45-year-old Cai Meizhu had a feeling of incomprehensible and unclear. From the early design of the hydropower project in 1982, it was almost 10 years. When the hydropower station finally fell from the drawings she personally participated in, she couldn’t tell the feeling that it was long after waiting for the dust to settle. Delight, still facing the worry of the road of uncertainty. But she expects that this groundbreaking cause will not be smooth sailing.
In the late 1980s, China's hydropower construction and hydropower technology have made significant progress and are in a leading position internationally. According to common sense, the construction of a hydropower station is not a matter of scientific research, surveying, design, construction. However, the hydropower station built in the Ming Tombs is not a conventionally constructed hydropower station, but a peak-filling Pumped storage hydropower station with valley, frequency modulation, phase modulation and accident reserve.
The concept of pumped-storage hydropower station was first introduced in the late 1960s by Dong Shuchun, then director of the Planning Department of Beijing Hydropower Survey and Design Institute. It was still a new thing at the time. Until the early 1990s, except for the 11,000-kilowatt pumped-storage unit of Hebei Gangnan Hydropower Station, which was put into operation in 1968, and the three 90,000-kilowatt pumped-storage units of the Panjiakou Hydropower Station that were put into operation in the late 1980s, there was no other. The planned installation of four 200,000 kW pumped storage units in the Shisanling Pumped Storage Hydropower Station is unprecedented in both single-unit capacity and total installed capacity.
However, the difficulty in building the Shisanling Pumped Storage Power Station is not due to the problems of large units and large installed capacity, but from geological conditions. Moreover, the actual difficulties encountered in the process of project construction are far more than the experts. The situation envisioned is even more "sinister."
one
As early as May 1974, Beijing Water Resources and Hydropower Survey and Design Institute (hereinafter referred to as “Northern Surveyâ€) began the work of selecting a pumped storage power station. The location of the pumped storage power station is first to select the point where there is a suitable high and low drop on the terrain and to build a suitable storage capacity. Secondly, the site has an economically reasonable distance from the power grid and should be as close as possible to the load center. The reason why the Ming Tombs were chosen as the storage station for pumped storage power stations was because of the special status of Beijing as a capital, and it was necessary to have a pumped storage power station as an emergency reserve. Second, because Beijing has been in a state of lack of electricity. Experts focused on the Ming Tombs, which are only 40 kilometers away from Beijing, and considered it the best place to build a pumped storage power station.
The Ming Tombs Reservoir, built in 1958, is a natural advantage that can be utilized in the construction of a pumped-storage power station. The elevation of the dam crest is 103 meters, and the elevation of the Lushan Mountain, which is backed by the reservoir, is 580 meters above sea level, and the drop is close to 500 meters. It meets the requirements for the construction of high-head pumped storage power stations.
Soon, a team of people and horses set up camp in Lushan, began to engage in surveying, drilling, sampling... No one thought that this work is more than ten years. In the era of planned economy at that time, the amount of money allocated by the state every year was very limited. The survey and design work of the Shisanling Pumped Storage Power Station could only be slowly advanced on a yearly basis.
The construction of the upper pool, the underground powerhouse and the waterway system involve large-scale underground excavation, while the Shisanling Pumped Storage Power Station Project is located in the middle of the Yanshan Mountains, at the junction of the south side of the Jundu Mountain and the North China Plain, east, west and south. There are different degrees of fault zones, each of which is a regional large fault. Complex geological conditions are undoubtedly worse for the slow-moving survey and design work.
Cai Meizhu, then the representative of the Design Office of the Ming Tombs of the Northern Survey, has been involved in power station design since 1982. That hard time is still fresh in her memory. Starting from the North Survey in Tongzhou, the bus rides along the “Suiban Road†all the way to the construction site. It takes 4 hours for one-way trip; together with the comrades of the geological team, the drill pipe climbs the mountain road, and the lunch is cold steamed bread and boiled water. If you are hungry, pick the persimmons that are not yet ripe on the mountain...
two
In 1988, the state approved the preliminary design of the Shisanling Pumped Storage Power Station, and the preliminary preparation project officially began.
It should be said that the Shisanling Pumped Storage Power Station is an epoch-making project in the history of engineering construction management. This is because the Shisanling Pumped Storage Power Station is the first project in the history of hydropower project construction that has completely pushed the owner responsibility system after the “Red Storm†in Lubuge. At that time, China entered the critical period of reform and opening up. On the one hand, the owner responsibility system was adapted to the needs of the economic system reform, and the construction project management mechanism was changed. On the other hand, it was also a reform measure to improve investment efficiency and achieve separation of government and enterprises. In this context, Beijing and North China Electric Power Administration each invested 50%, jointly set up the construction of the Shisanling Pumped Storage Power Station project construction, and implemented the owner responsibility system.
The owner responsibility system has brought strong thrust to the construction of the Shisanling Pumped Storage Power Station.
According to the past, no one has the right to interfere with the design proposal proposed by the design unit. However, in this project, there have been several major debates between the designer and the owner. Beginning in 1988, Beiyuan Institute began construction work design of the power station. In response to the problem of anti-seepage in the upper pool, Beiyuan Institute proposed the use of asphalt concrete anti-seepage panels, while the owners proposed the use of reinforced concrete anti-seepage panels, a serious and lasting tug-of-war began.
In fact, the "black and white dispute" about asphalt concrete and reinforced concrete has been going on for many years in the road administration department. Since most of the crude oil produced in China is paraffin-based crude oil, the crack resistance after asphalt production is much worse than that of naphthenic crude oil. At that time, Cai Meizhu and colleagues who had transferred from the design unit to the owner of the project had inspected many projects. In order to find the best anti-seepage effect and the most economical anti-seepage solution, they went deep into the petroleum research institute of the Ministry of Petroleum at that time. Meeting and listening to their research reports. They also searched for information, measured the cost of importing cycloalkylene from foreign countries, and then went to Panjin, Karamay, Dongsheng and other oil fields for investigation, and even compared the situation of each well, and chose to extract cycloalkyl. The oil well of crude oil measures the cost of “single mining and single transmission†from fixed oil wells... Zhao Zhen, the executive deputy director of the construction of the Shisanling Pumped Storage Power Station, is responsible for the project. The 7,000-word research report was written by relevant departments and experts to improve the reliability, safety and feasibility of reinforced concrete.
This "tug of war" was carried out for three years. On July 30, 1992, the Ministry of Energy finally decided to use reinforced concrete for seepage prevention in the upper pool with Energy and Hydropower (1992) No. 657. Until today, the leakage of the upper pool of the Shisanling Pumped Storage Power Station is still less than the design allowable value. It turns out that the insistence of the owner's project department in the past is worthwhile.
It can be said that this purely technical debate demonstrates the positive leading role played by the owner responsibility system in project implementation. Zhu Errong, chief design engineer of the Shisanling Pumped Storage Power Station, once wrote: "By design work, we realized that in order to make the Shisanling Pumped Storage Power Station a quality project, it must be carefully designed and carefully constructed. The design unit should be very good. The land serves the owner and the construction unit... Constantly modify and optimize the design. Only by adopting advanced technology can we save investment, facilitate construction and operate safely and reliably."
In the early 1990s, China's hydropower development entered a period of quietness, few new projects were started, hydropower construction units were difficult to operate, and the level of engineering equipment was relatively lagging behind. Unlike the conventional hydropower project, the Shisanling Pumped Storage Power Station needs to adopt many new technologies and new technologies. However, the equipment of the hydropower construction unit at that time could not meet the construction needs. This time, the owner responsibility system played a leading role. The power station construction preparation office added an investment of 80 million yuan to the project budget for the purchase of special construction machinery and equipment. Soon, a number of imported equipment such as multi-arm drill, 4 cubic backhoe, and climbing tank were applied to the construction of the project. This move not only solved the practical difficulties of the hydropower construction unit, but also ensured the construction progress of the project.
three
Seeing that the construction is ready, the main body of the plant is about to be excavated, and an unexpected thing has happened.
The final review was carried out before the start of the main building at 290 meters underground. According to the analysis of the three exploration holes, the geological conditions of the underground powerhouse are still very satisfactory. Perhaps because of the intuition of experience, but also a strong sense of responsibility, the old hydropower expert Chen Gengyi insisted on making another observation hole to the position of the top arch of the factory to find out the more accurate geological conditions. When the 145-meter-deep observation hole is opened, the result is really surprising. The top arch of the plant is constructed of three faults, which can easily cause high-wall collapse. Once a landslide occurs, this huge underground cavern will be affected. The cost and duration of the entire project have increased accordingly! The entire expert group was anxious. Could you move the factory? The geological conditions of the entire Lushan Mountain are very complicated, and even if the geological conditions of the plant are moved, it will not become more optimistic. On January 26, 1991, the experts finally reached an agreement that the underground factory moved 135 meters eastward and 30 meters southward. Five months later, in July 1991, the underground powerhouse was officially excavated.
The difficulty did not stop there. In the words of Cai Meizhu, it is "every step is a hurdle."
On August 24, 1992, a water landslide suddenly occurred on the No. 2 waterway of the high-pressure pipeline being excavated. In an instant, more than 4,000 cubic meters of debris flow blew down. In the subsequent expansion process, two large-scale landslides occurred, with a total collapse of about 10,000 cubic meters. Before July 1992, 237 times of landslides of not less than 20 cubic meters occurred during the excavation of the project. Li Eding, deputy director of the former Ministry of Water and Power, vice chairman of the International Dam Association, and hydropower expert, could not help but sigh: After a lifetime of hydropower, I have never seen such a complicated geological condition of the Shisanling Pumped Storage Power Station!
The large-scale collapse caused by the intersection of faults, dense cracks and cross-cutting has greatly hindered the advancement of engineering construction.
At this time, Beijing’s thirst for electricity is getting stronger. In 1992, the Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan area closed 148,000 roads, and the Beijing area opened 78,000 roads. The maximum number of passes was more than 1,000 times a day. On September 11, 1992, the former Premier of the State Council Li Peng mentioned at the groundbreaking ceremony of the Shisanling Pumped Storage Power Station that “the power cuts were unpopular†and made important instructions for the construction of the North China Power Grid and the solution of the power shortage in the capital. According to the instructions of the Prime Minister, the North China Electric Power Administration proposed in April 1993 the implementation of the "9511 Project" strategic goal, and proposed that the situation of power shortage in the North China region before the end of 1995 was initially eased.
This strategic goal is equivalent to the military order of the Shisanling Pumped Storage Power Station, which must be put into operation before the end of 1995.
Everyone is doing their best. Because the builders worked in the cold cave for a long time, their feet were blistered without blood, and the folds on their faces were stained with smoke and smoke. Cai Meizhu once led the team to accept the culvert that was about to be poured into the concrete. When the slag area just after the blasting occurred, the landslide occurred. Cai Meizhu was almost buried by the gravel. The geology engineer Xiaomi of the design institute of the same company was broken by the gravel. After the escape, several of them actually insisted on completing the acceptance of the culvert.
The number on the countdown period card is reduced day by day, but the complex geological conditions do not leave a little bit of tension for the tight schedule.
At the end of 1993, a 700-degree cubic meter fault-level clastic rock mass collapsed. In 1994, shortly after the pouring of the anti-seepage project of the Shangchi reinforced concrete slab, the overall creep of the Xipo Mountain occurred. After expert deliberation, the solution was to unload the mountain and cut off half of the hill. Nowadays, the huge platform under the word "Tianchi" is engraved in the upper pool scenic spot, which is what it was after cutting the mountain.
four
On December 20, 1995, the No. 1 unit of the power station successfully entered the 72-hour trial operation, marking the successful realization of the "9511" project goal.
On June 18, 1996, Unit 2 successfully completed the 72-hour trial run and was officially put into production.
On August 6, 1997, four 200,000 kW reversible pump turbines of the power station all entered commercial operation.
At this point, the huge project of the Shisanling Pumped Storage Power Station was finally completed, and it officially became part of Lushan Mountain and harmoniously integrated into the Ming Tombs Scenic Area.
The Shisanling Pumped-storage Power Station is a scene in the suburbs of Beijing. The antique-designed tailwater exit building echoes the Jiulong Pavilion in the Ming Tombs Scenic Area. The fire-fighting tower at the commanding heights of the Lushan Mountain is in the shape of an antique Mingta and the upper pool. Together, it has become a new landmark in the mountainous area.
The idea that hydropower design is in line with the landscape is a common practice in today's hydropower projects, but in the mid-1990s, the construction of the Shisanling Pumped Storage Power Station “can only add color to the scenic spot and not destroy the landscapeâ€. The practice is a pioneering work. Zhao Zhen, the executive deputy director of the preparatory construction office of the Shisanling Pumped Storage Power Station, proposed this concept.
In the eyes of Zhou Yuanqing, deputy director of the Office of the Preparatory Office, Zhao Zhen is a legendary figure. His mind is full of bizarre but advanced concepts.
The Lushan National Forest Park was built under the proposal of Zhao Zhen. According to the design at the time, the slag excavated from the underground powerhouse was to be transported to the Niujia Grave, a few kilometers away from the mountain. The pressure of the outbound transportation was not small. Zhao Zhen observed that there is a ravine not far from the Tomb of the Tombs of the Tombs. If you fill the ditch here to build land, plant trees and plant trees, and build a park, this is not to add color to the scenic spot! Therefore, the use of waste rock slag to build a four-stage slag dam, a total of 20 acres of land, there is today's Laoshan National Forest Park.
There is also Highway No. 1 to Shangchi. Zhao Zhen insists that “the fence should be built according to the standards of the expressway.†This steep 13-kilometer mountain road is precisely because of such measures. There have been no casualties in traffic accidents caused by motor failures.
Planting trees on both sides of Highway 1 is also a real idea for Zhao. However, Stone Mountain can't save water. How can we raise a living tree? Digging a pit on the mountain, laying plastic sheets on the bottom of the pit, and transporting the sand of the plants. In this way, a pine tree and a cypress tree grow in the "flower pots". Now more than 20 years have passed, still lush.
In the eyes of Cai Meizhu, Zhao Zhen is a good leader with avant-garde and a responsible role.
In the same year, after the collapse of the inclined shaft on the No. 2 waterway of the high-pressure pipeline being excavated, there was no suitable tool, and the excavation project was difficult to advance. Cai Meizhu, the director of the Engineering Office of the preparatory office, racked his brains. After learning that the coal industry had experience in using anti-well drilling, Cai Meizhu carefully analyzed the advantages and disadvantages of using anti-well drilling in hydropower projects and suggested to Zhao Zhen. Director Zhao immediately made a "test!" To know, this is the test, the cost is going to be a million, but at the time it was a small expenditure. Soon, the experts of the Coal Design Institute came to the project site and started the experiment in the Zhongping section. After the drill bit was improved, the tunneling effect was significantly advanced. Even so, Cai Meizhu did not hope for the application of the reverse well drill in the next project. Unexpectedly, with the support of Zhao Zhen, all the excavation drills were used in the excavation of the lower section. To date, anti-well drilling has been widely used in hydropower construction.
In 2011, Zhao Zhen was seriously ill. When he saw Cai Meizhu and Zhou Yuanqing who came to the hospital to visit him, he said that the two people would tear their eyes and tears: "Xiao Cai, you can catch up with the hydropower industry. I am sorry for you, I did not give it at that time. You send a bonus..." Until the end of his life, Zhao Zhen still remembered these comrades who were bitter.
Fives
The spirit of the old generation of power station people is responsible and dedicated, and has been passed down in the new generation of power station people.
Between 1997 and 1999, it was the busiest time in the inspection of Yang Zhanliang. At that time, the crew had just put into operation, and the equipment often failed. For him and his colleagues, it was common for him and his colleagues to stay in the underground factory for maintenance equipment for more than ten hours a day.
In 2005, the water diversion tunnel and high-pressure pipeline wells that had been in operation for nearly 10 years entered the maintenance period and required pipeline venting. The pressure inside and outside the water diversion tunnel of the water-filled tunnel is balanced. When the pipeline is empty, if the flow velocity is not well controlled, it is easy to damage the pipeline due to the imbalance of internal and external pressure. Once the problem occurs, it will affect the subsequent operation of the entire power station. . At that time, all the pumped storage power stations in China had not carried out such operations, and there was no experience to learn from. Lu Baojiang and five other staff members in the running class constantly measured and designed the emptying plan with limited information. Lu Baojiang said that it was the time when he felt the most stress since his work. Of course, the result is no suspense, 7 days and 7 nights, 7 stages of water release, the first pipe emptying was successfully completed.
Zhang Heng, who entered the factory in 1993, grew from an ordinary operator to the production manager of the current power station.
In 2005, the power station was preparing for Unit A repair. At that time, Zhang Heng, the director of the workshop, and another colleague rushed to Guangzhou Pumped Storage Power Station to study. All they got was a technical piece about 10 cm thick, and the information could neither be taken away nor copied. So, the two of them used the only laptop computer, and the people stopped the computer, and in the 24 hours × 5 days, they knocked out the entire contents of the technical information.
The Shisanling Pumped Storage Power Station has gone through a short period of 20 years, but it is definitely a predecessor in pumped storage power stations. From the Shisanling Pumped Storage Power Station, there are samples and standards for the construction and operation of the pumped storage project. Looking at the pumped storage power station in the country, the equipment of the Shisanling Pumped Storage Power Station is not the most advanced, but it has experienced several repairs of the whole machine and 20 years of operation and maintenance experience. The technical level is definitely the leader in the circle.
In 2016, the Shisanling Pumped Storage Power Station, which has been in operation for 20 years, ushered in a huge challenge – to participate in new energy consumption tasks to a greater extent in accordance with the design capacity. With the deepening of the national new energy policy, the Shisanling Pumped Storage Power Station has played an important role in the consumption of new energy since 2013, and the power generation has increased year by year. In 2016, the power station ushered in the second-stage maintenance of the second turret, and in the case of a significant reduction in the available time of the unit, it was necessary to complete the power generation task of 1.2 billion kWh according to the designed capacity. The pressure is unprecedented, but the old factory has proved by practical actions that it is ready for all.
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